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LSEG

About us
LSEG is one of the world’s leading providers of financial markets infrastructure and delivers financial data, analytics, news and index products to more than 40,000 customers in over 170 countries.

We help organisations fund innovation, manage risk and create jobs by partnering with customers at every point in the trade lifecycle: from informing their pre-trade decisions and executing trades to raising capital, clearing and optimisation.

Backed by more than three centuries of experience, innovative technologies and a team of 25,000 people in over 60 countries, we are driving financial stability, empowering economies and enabling you to grow sustainably.

Our purpose
At LSEG, our purpose is driving financial stability, empowering economies and enabling customers to create sustainable growth.

The services we provide as a leading global financial markets infrastructure and data provider are critical for economies around the world. The vital social and economic role we play enables sustainable growth for customers, partners, and the communities we all live in. 

Our word is our bond. True in 1801. Just as true today.

London Stock Exchange is one of the world’s oldest stock exchanges and can trace its history back more than 300 years. LSEG was created in October 2007 (as the London Stock Exchange Group) when London Stock Exchange merged with Milan Stock Exchange, Borsa Italiana.

Our values

Our purpose is the foundation on which our culture is built. At LSEG, our values are Integrity, Partnership, Excellence, and Change. Underpinning our purpose, our values articulate how we work with customers, partners, and each other. They go to the heart of who we are and guide our decision making and everyday actions. 

What we do

LSEG is a leading global financial markets infrastructure and data provider that operates connected businesses to serve customers across the entire financial markets value chain.

With capabilities in data, indices and analytics, capital formation, trade execution, clearing and risk management, we operate at the heart of the world’s financial ecosystem and enable the sustainable growth and stability of our customers and their communities.

Together, our five business divisions – Data and Analytics, FTSE Russell, Risk Intelligence, Capital Markets and Post Trade – offer customers seamless access to global financial markets, across the trading lifecycle.

Our key locations

LSEG is headquartered in the United Kingdom, with significant operations in over 60 countries across Europe, the Middle East, Africa, North America, Latin America, and Asia Pacific.

Workplace Initiatives

- Programme for parents returning to work after Parental Leave? Yes

- Leadership development programmes? Yes

- Mentoring programmes? No

- Coaching Progammes - Yes

- Employee-led diversity networks? Yes

- Internal women's networking groups? Yes

-Open to discussing flexible work arrangements at interview stage? Yes

Global Parental Leave: 26 weeks

Minimum weeks tenure required to be eligible for paid maternity leave: Global Parental Leave: 12 months / 52 weeks

No. of weeks paid paternity leave at full salary: Global Parental Leave: 26 weeks

Minimum tenure required to be eligible for paid paternity leave: Global Parental Leave: 12 months / 52 weeks 

Gender Pay Gap

2023?

 

Average pay gap:

N/A* Please see Non-identifiable gender pay gap

Median pay gap:

N/A* Please see Non-identifiable gender pay gap

Average bonus gap:

N/A* Please see Non-identifiable gender pay gap

Median bonus gap:

N/A* Please see Non-identifiable gender pay gap

Non-Identifiable gender pay gap

1.2%

Find out more in our LSEG Sustainability Report 2023

 

Signatory of the UK Women in Finance Charter? Yes - since 2016

Targets to raise the number of women in leadership? Yes - LSEG achieved our goal of 40% female representation in senior leadership positions globally by December 2022. We remain committed to maintaining at least 40% female representation in senior leadership.

Targets to raise the number of BAME individuals in leadership? Yes - 25% underrepresented ethnic groups in senior leadership roles (ExCo and Group Leaders) by 2027

Listed in the Bloomberg Diversity & Inclusion Index? No

Returner Programme

As part of our Global Parental Leave offering, from 1st July 2024 all parents returning from any type of family leave (Global Parental Leave, UK Maternity, Paternity, Adoption or Shared Parental Leave) are eligible to an eight-week phased return to work, working 80% of normal hours at full pay. Additionally, LSEG is introducing enhanced leave to support families whose children require neonatal care.

Other Programmes

We offer a wide range of opportunities for ambitious graduates and students to start a dynamic and rewarding career in global financial markets. You can join us on an Internship or Graduate programme, which provides a formal learning experience or directly into Entry level positions.

Graduate programmes

Our graduate programmes, for final year undergraduate or Masters students and recent graduates, sit within Businessor Technology.

From day one you will be aligned to a division, where you will access divisional and global learning opportunities and experiences.

Our sustainable growth as a business means that more than ever before there are opportunities to develop your career in a truly global organisation, which is critical to the successful functioning of global financial markets. The breadth of our business means you will never lack opportunities to learn and grow.

Our Business Programme will allow you to gain valuable experience within one of our Divisions (Capital Markets, Post Trade , FTSE Russel and Data & Analytics) or, alternatively, work across one of our Group functions (People, Corporate Affairs and Marketing, Finance, Strategy or Risk).  In the Divisional roles, you may be involved in helping companies to raise capital, developing benchmark ranges and indices, or building and evaluating risk models. In one of our Group functions, you’ll work in a central function to support company goals.

Our Technology Programme will enable you to launch your career in Engineering by contributing to live projects, collaborating with and being mentored by best-in-class talent as you acquire critical skills through on-the-job experiences. You’ll have a meaningful role in harnessing new, exciting technologies, and work on projects aimed at integrating them into our frontline products and operations.

Learning and Development

At LSEG we believe that colleagues own and drive their development. We understand it can be nerve-wracking to embark on a new career and, in some cases, make the transition from education to practice. We will assist you in nurturing a growth mindset and developing foundational and human skills such as financial market value chain, customer centricity, adaptability, innovation, problem solving and stakeholder management as well as specialist skills that are critical to the division that you will be working with.

During the programme we will provide curated learning pathways through leading learning platforms, a chance to connect with subject matter experts within LSEG and the opportunity to pursue a professional qualification that supports to build critical skills relevant to your area of specialisation, aiming to develop your knowledge and skills – with a global and divisional focus. You will also have access to Career Navigator, our brand-new personalised platform which will empower you to define and achieve your career ambitions within LSEG. You will access global and local learning opportunities and experiences, as well as a network of Early Careers peers who will support you as you progress your career journey at LSEG. You will contribute to wider society through CSR and volunteering initiatives as you build connections forming a global community across LSEG.

 LSEG is a place where you can take your career in any direction. We believe in the career philosophy of “My Career. My Opportunity. My Future.”, empowering you with the tools and structure needed to broaden your skills. Beyond the programme, you can look forward to opportunities to advance your skills and learning at every stage of your career. Our scale and global presence give you the opportunity to deepen your abilities and expertise and take the next steps on your journey to achieving your career ambitions.

Internship programmes

Our summer internship programme, for penultimate year students, is a unique opportunity to get to know LSEG’s business and to gain an in-depth insight into financial markets.

Whether you apply for the Business or Technology internship, you will understand what a career with LSEG would really be like. The programme has been crafted to enable exploration of potential career pathways at LSEG, to start to build some of the key skills you will need as a graduate and to support you to build self-insight into your strengths and interests.

Our Technology Internship will enable you to launch your career in Engineering. Your technical placement will involve coding, development, and innovation. You’ll have a meaningful role in harnessing new, exciting technologies and working on projects aimed at integrating them into our frontline operations.

Our Business Internship programme will allow you to gain valuable experience within one of our Business Divisions, whilst gaining broader exposure to the wider Group. You’ll gain valuable experience in one of our Divisions (Capital Markets and Post Trade).

Schools and young people

We’re passionate about maximising the opportunities available to children and young people regardless of their background and have set up a number of initiatives that allow us to provide support.

 LSEG Foundation

A vital way of delivering our purpose in the community and wider society is through the LSEG Foundation. Working with charity and NGO partners, we deliver a range of programmes across the globe, creating opportunities for those in need to participate in education, employment and enterprise. This is a vast challenge, so we aim to focus our support where we think it can have the greatest impact. Our aim is to help people access economic opportunities and build a secure future with financial independence.

Our programmes vary by geography and need. We create change through a variety of initiatives. These could include helping girls stay in school for longer, as part of a wider strategy to address gender inequality and community education, guiding young adults into secure work, education programmes for financial literacy or supporting individuals in reskilling for a fresh start.

Work experience

We are committed to supporting young people to explore career opportunities, build their employability skills and bridge the gap between education and practice.

Apprenticeship Programme (UK)

Our Apprenticeship Programme currently offer an 18-month accelerated development programme, combining real work experience with away-from-the-desk learning.

Online financial literacy resources

At LSEG, we believe financial literacy opens up options and opportunities. Whether it’s study and career choices now, or how to save and invest money later on in life, understanding how finance works can help build a better future for us all. To help boost the financial literacy of kids across the globe we offer a wealth of online resources and videos to help you learn more about the world of finance.

Oct 01, 2026
Full Time
FP&A Systems - Senior Manager
LSEG London, United Kingdom
ABOUT US: LSEG (London Stock Exchange Group) is more than a diversified global financial markets infrastructure and data business. We are dedicated, open-access partners with a dedication to excellence in delivering the services our customers expect from us. With extensive experience, deep knowledge and worldwide presence across financial markets, we enable businesses and economies around the world to fund innovation, manage risk and create jobs. It’s how we’ve contributed to supporting the financial stability and growth of communities and economies globally for more than 300 years. Through a comprehensive suite of trusted financial market infrastructure services – and our open-access model – we provide the flexibility, stability and trust that enable our customers to pursue their ambitions with confidence and clarity.   LSEG is headquartered in the United Kingdom, with significant operations in 70 countries across EMEA, North America, Latin America and Asia Pacific. We employ...
Oct 01, 2026
Full Time
Senior Associate, Speechwriting and Research
LSEG London, United Kingdom
ABOUT US: LSEG (London Stock Exchange Group) is more than a diversified global financial markets infrastructure and data business. We are dedicated, open-access partners with a dedication to excellence in delivering the services our customers expect from us. With extensive experience, deep knowledge and worldwide presence across financial markets, we enable businesses and economies around the world to fund innovation, manage risk and create jobs. It’s how we’ve contributed to supporting the financial stability and growth of communities and economies globally for more than 300 years. Through a comprehensive suite of trusted financial market infrastructure services – and our open-access model – we provide the flexibility, stability and trust that enable our customers to pursue their ambitions with confidence and clarity. LSEG is headquartered in the United Kingdom, with significant operations in 65 countries across EMEA, North America, Latin America and Asia Pacific. We...
Oct 01, 2026
Full Time
Senior Associate, Sales Support – Index Sales, FTSE Russell
LSEG London, United Kingdom
Senior Associate, Sales Support – Index Sales, FTSE Russell   About the Role   This is an exciting opportunity to join FTSE Russell, one of the world's leading index providers, at the intersection of financial markets, client engagement, and commercial growth. As part of a high-performing sales and relationship management team, you will work with some of the largest asset managers, asset owners, wealth managers, banks, and financial institutions globally, helping them access and leverage FTSE Russell's industry-leading index, data, and analytics solutions.   The role offers significant exposure to global investment markets and provides an excellent platform for individuals looking to develop their career within financial services, market data, and investment solutions. You will partner closely with Sales, Product, Marketing, Legal, and Client Experience teams, playing a key role in supporting client retention, revenue growth, and the expansion of FTSE Russell's...
Sep 30, 2026
Full Time
Power BI Development Senior Manager 
LSEG London, United Kingdom
Do you enjoy turning complex data into reporting that helps organisations make better investment decisions?      About the Team       The Group Investment Management (GIM) Tooling & Data team provides the reporting, analytics and insights that support investment planning and portfolio management across LSEG. Working closely with colleagues across Technology, Finance and Transformation, the team delivers trusted reporting that helps leaders understand investment performance, monitor delivery progress and make informed decisions.    As demand for data-driven decision making continues to grow, the team is evolving its reporting and analytics capabilities, creating opportunities to improve how information is delivered, consumed and acted upon across the organisation.      About the Role       We're looking for a Power BI Development Manager to lead the development and support of enterprise reporting...
Sep 25, 2026
Full Time
Business Graduate Programme (Data and Analytics)
LSEG London, United Kingdom
Programme start date: September 2027 Please review all the graduate programme opportunities and make one application.    Our award-winning graduate programme provides the ideal springboard for an exciting and meaningful career in global financial markets.      As a graduate, you will join the Data and Analytics Division. The division is a dynamic, fast-paced environment where instant reaction and long-term vision are equally important.      Our Data & Analytics is one of the world’s largest providers of financial data and infrastructure. With over 40,000 customers and 400,000 end users, spanning over approximately 190 markets, Data & Analytics partners with the global financial community supplying extensive, quality data, news, information and analytics that inform investment decisions.      We are the #1 supplier of real-time market data to the global financial and investor community, carrying up to 176 billion market messages, from over 150,000 data sources...
Sep 25, 2026
Full Time
Quantitative Valuations Specialist
LSEG London, United Kingdom
You and your team, Applied Solutions & Production (ASP) is an in-house technical team within Evaluated Pricing Operations (EPO). The team currently consists of staff in the US, Costa Rica, and Poland. As part of a small team, you will be a key member in helping shape and build the future of technology for EPO fixed income pricing. Why is this job important? The ASP team designs, develops, and supports various tools used by the fixed income evaluations staff of EPO. These tools are fundamentally integrated into the daily production process of EPO. Errors in the production pricing processes can lead to negative client impacts if not address quickly. As such, the tools and software must be scalable and robust, and you must fully understand the processes/workflows around those tools to help resolve errors in real-time.  The team additionally supports subject matter experts in research to develop new pricing algorithms and approaches in validating pricing accuracy through the use...
Sep 24, 2026
Full Time
PQC Technical Lead
LSEG London, United Kingdom
ABOUT US: LSEG (London Stock Exchange Group) is more than a diversified global financial markets infrastructure and data business. We are dedicated, open-access partners with a dedication to excellence in delivering the services our customers expect from us. With extensive experience, deep knowledge and worldwide presence across financial markets, we enable businesses and economies around the world to fund innovation, manage risk and create jobs. It’s how we’ve contributed to supporting the financial stability and growth of communities and economies globally for more than 300 years. Through a comprehensive suite of trusted financial market infrastructure services – and our open-access model – we provide the flexibility, stability and trust that enable our customers to pursue their ambitions with confidence and clarity. LSEG is headquartered in the United Kingdom, with significant operations in 70 countries across EMEA, North America, Latin America and Asia Pacific. We employ...
Sep 23, 2026
Full Time
Business Graduate Programme (FTSE Russell)
LSEG London, United Kingdom
Programme start date: September 2027   Please review all the graduate programme opportunities and make one application.    Our award-winning graduate programme provides the ideal springboard for an exciting and meaningful career in global financial markets.      As a graduate, you will join the FTSE Russell Division. The division is a dynamic, fast-paced environment where instant reaction and long-term vision are equally important.      Our FTSE Russell division help investors make better-informed decisions, for indices and benchmarking solutions. FTSE Russell provide category defining indices across asset classes and investment objectives to create new possibilities for the global investment community.      To be eligible you must be a graduate who has completed your studies in 2026 or a final year undergraduate or Master’s student and have completed all the requirements of your course before summer 2027.     Highlights of the Graduate Programme     Progress...
Sep 23, 2026
Full Time
Senior Market Supervision Surveillance Specialist
LSEG London, United Kingdom
Market Supervision at LSEG is responsible for monitoring all secondary market trading on London Stock Exchange (“LSE”) markets, Turquoise Global Holdings Limited and Turquoise Global Holdings Europe. The purpose of monitoring by Market Supervision is to ensure that trading is orderly and efficient, and in compliance with the Exchange’s rules and to identify activity which may indicate market abuse as outlined in the UK Financial Conduct Authority’s Code of Market Conduct and MAR.   The Market Abuse team forms part of Market Supervision and makes an important contribution to the maintenance of orderly markets. It undertakes a range of functions including market abuse analysis - the detection and initial investigation of possible instances of market abuse offences for potential referral to the FCA or AFM, and financial crime analysis - the detection and initial investigation of possible instances of financial crime for potential SAR referrals. The purpose of this role is...
Sep 23, 2026
Full Time
Senior Attestations and Client Audit Manager (D&A DORA)
LSEG London, United Kingdom
ABOUT US: LSEG (London Stock Exchange Group) is more than a diversified global financial markets infrastructure and data business. We are dedicated, open-access partners with a dedication to excellence in delivering the services our customers expect from us. With extensive experience, deep knowledge and worldwide presence across financial markets, we enable businesses and economies around the world to fund innovation, manage risk and create jobs. It’s how we’ve contributed to supporting the financial stability and growth of communities and economies globally for more than 300 years. Through a comprehensive suite of trusted financial market infrastructure services – and our open-access model – we provide the flexibility, stability and trust that enable our customers to pursue their ambitions with confidence and clarity. LSEG is headquartered in the United Kingdom, with significant operations in 70 countries across EMEA, North America, Latin America and Asia Pacific. We employ...
Sep 22, 2026
Full Time
Technical Account Manager (Analyst)
LSEG London, United Kingdom
ROLE SUMMARY: The Technical Account Manager acts as the main technical point of contact for LSEG customers, providing expert guidance throughout onboarding, certification, connectivity, readiness and ongoing service adoption. You will build strong relationships with member firms, software providers and data vendors, supporting customers through market, product and system changes while ensuring they are configured for success.   Working across Product, Technology, Operations and Client Services teams, you will provide functional support, lead technical consultations and coordinate customer readiness activities to deliver an outstanding customer experience. This role offers the opportunity to develop specialist expertise in financial markets, trading technologies and technical relationship management. WHAT YOU'LL BE DOING: Support Technical Account Managers in delivering a high-quality service to member firms, data vendors and independent software vendors across...
Sep 21, 2026
Full Time
Business Analyst Summer Internship
LSEG London, United Kingdom
Programme start date: June 2027 Please review all the graduate programme opportunities and make one application. Our Summer Business Analyst Internship Programme has been crafted to simulate our Business Graduate Programme so that you can understand what a career with LSEG would really be like.   LSEG is at the forefront of trading services – a fundamental part of the financial and transactional services that support and enhance the development of businesses and economies across the world.  Join LSEG’s Markets division and be part of a dynamic team that powers global financial markets and helps organisations navigate risk with confidence. This internship programme brings together our Capital Markets and Post Trade businesses to offer a comprehensive suite of solutions—from raising and trading capital across asset classes and geographies, to clearing and optimising portfolios, to managing regulatory, reputational and financial risk.  Whether it’s enabling...
Sep 21, 2026
Full Time
Business Management Summer Internship
LSEG 5 Canada Square, London E14 5AQ, UK
Programme start date: June 2027 Please review all the graduate programme opportunities and make one application.  Our Summer Business Management Internship Programme has been crafted to simulate our Business Graduate Programme so that you can understand what a career with LSEG would really be like.   LSEG is at the forefront of trading services – a fundamental part of the financial and transactional services that support and enhance the development of businesses and economies across the world.  As an intern, you will join one of our flagship trading services – London Stock Exchange, LSEG FX, Tradeweb, Turquoise – or LCH our global leading multi-asset clearing houses.  We help customers across the trade life cycle, ensuring compliance and efficiency in clearing and reporting obligations, while granting access to diverse liquidity pools across various asset classes, fostering growth for customers, communities, and economies worldwide.  The dynamic nature of the...
Sep 21, 2026
Full Time
Business Analyst Summer Internship
LSEG London, United Kingdom
Programme start date: June 2027 Please review all the graduate programme opportunities and make one application. Our Summer Business Analyst Internship Programme has been crafted to simulate our Business Graduate Programme so that you can understand what a career with LSEG would really be like.   LSEG is at the forefront of trading services – a fundamental part of the financial and transactional services that support and enhance the development of businesses and economies across the world.  Join LSEG’s Markets division and be part of a dynamic team that powers global financial markets and helps organisations navigate risk with confidence. This internship programme brings together our Capital Markets and Post Trade businesses to offer a comprehensive suite of solutions—from raising and trading capital across asset classes and geographies, to clearing and optimising portfolios, to managing regulatory, reputational and financial risk.  Whether it’s enabling...
Sep 19, 2026
Full Time
Senior Engineering & Architecture Opportunities
LSEG London, United Kingdom
ROLE SUMMARY: FTSE Russell, part of LSEG, powers some of the world's most recognised benchmarks and index solutions. Our technology, data and products help investors measure, manage and capture market opportunities across global financial markets. As we continue to modernise our platforms and scale our capabilities, our engineers, product specialists and data experts play a critical role in delivering innovative solutions that support investment decisions for clients worldwide. WHAT YOU'LL DO: We’re looking for a hands-on engineers  to help modernise and scale the FTSE platform — a cloud-native, low-latency system that operates at global scale and underpins critical investment products used worldwide. We are recruiting for individual contributors and leadership roles across a varied technical tech. You'll work on challenging problems across software engineering where performance, data quality, and reliability are non-negotiable, while leveraging modern cloud (AWS) and...
Sep 18, 2026
Full Time
Engineering Summer Internship Programme
LSEG London, United Kingdom
Programme dates: June 2027 Please review all the internship programme opportunities and make one application. Our Engineering Summer Internship Programme has been crafted to simulate our Engineering Graduate Programme so that you can understand what a career in technology at LSEG would really be like.   To be eligible, you must be a penultimate year undergraduate due to complete your degree summer 2028 and studying a ‘STEM’ subject (science, technology, engineering or mathematics).  During your time with us you will have the opportunity to explore potential careers paths by working within our D&A, Markets, Risk Intelligence, FTSE Russell, I&C Engineering functions.   Roles can vary from development and programming to business analysis and tech project management. During the recruitment process we will get to know your skills and interest and how they align with the needs of the business to place you in the right team.  These are real roles. Our 9...
Sep 18, 2026
Full Time
Senior Technical Lead, Index Distribution Engineering
LSEG London, United Kingdom
FTSE Russell is a leading global provider of financial services, specialising in the creation and management of indexes, data, and analytic solutions. As part of the London Stock Exchange Group (LSEG), we support investors worldwide in making informed decisions across asset classes, investment strategies, and market segments. Our products are trusted by institutional and retail investors, asset managers, and pension funds to benchmark performance, build investment portfolios, and manage risk. Job Summary We're seeking a Senior Software Engineer to join the team building next-generation distribution capabilities for our index products. You'll be delivering index data to the global financial community across multiple channels including APIs, cloud data platforms, file-based delivery, and AI-native protocols. Reliability, security, and data quality are non-negotiable as we build out scalable, cloud-native infrastructure. The ideal candidate is a self-sufficient, technically...
Sep 18, 2026
Full Time
Engineering Summer Internship Programme
LSEG London, United Kingdom
Programme dates: June 2027 Please review all the internship programme opportunities and make one application. Our Engineering Summer Internship Programme has been crafted to simulate our Engineering Graduate Programme so that you can understand what a career in technology at LSEG would really be like.   To be eligible, you must be a penultimate year undergraduate due to complete your degree summer 2028 and studying a ‘STEM’ subject (science, technology, engineering or mathematics).  During your time with us you will have the opportunity to explore potential careers paths by working within our D&A, Markets, Risk Intelligence, FTSE Russell, I&C Engineering functions.   Roles can vary from development and programming to business analysis and tech project management. During the recruitment process we will get to know your skills and interest and how they align with the needs of the business to place you in the right team.  These are real roles. Our 9...
Sep 18, 2026
Full Time
Senior Technical Lead - Real Time Platform
LSEG London, United Kingdom
ABOUT US: LSEG (London Stock Exchange Group) is more than a diversified global financial markets infrastructure and data business. We are dedicated, open-access partners with a dedication to excellence in delivering the services our customers expect from us. With extensive experience, deep knowledge and worldwide presence across financial markets, we enable businesses and economies around the world to fund innovation, manage risk and create jobs. It’s how we’ve contributed to supporting the financial stability and growth of communities and economies globally for more than 300 years. Through a comprehensive suite of trusted financial market infrastructure services – and our open-access model – we provide the flexibility, stability and trust that enable our customers to pursue their ambitions with confidence and clarity. LSEG is headquartered in the United Kingdom, with significant operations in 70 countries across EMEA, North America, Latin America and Asia Pacific. We employ...
Sep 17, 2026
Full Time
Engineering Graduate Programme (Nottingham)
LSEG Chapel Quarter, Nottingham NG1, UK
Programme start date: September 2027   Are you passionate about engineering and technology? Do you want to make a difference by delivering software used by some of the biggest companies in the world? Do you thrive in dynamic, agile environments and enjoy collaborating with others? Eligibility Criteria: To be eligible you must be a final year undergraduate or Masters student in Computer Science, Computer Engineering, Engineering, Information Technology or related discipline and have completed all the requirements of your course before August/September 2027 or a fresh graduate in class of 2026. Highlights of the Graduate Programme  Progress through a 12-month development journey aiming to build foundational skills that are key for your future success  Build your foundational knowledge of LSEG, Financial Markets and the business during your global induction  'Engineering Bootcamp' week to immerse you in the business and Engineering principles  Participate...